Vision optimization: Structure

Our visual system is configured in such a way that we see patterns even if they don’t exist and at the same time see whole, continuous shapes. Gestalt principles come from the German word for shape or figure.

Proximity

Proximity is the way we perceive the importance between objects and their organization. When two objects are relatively close together, we consider them too belong in the same group, but if they are far apart, we fail to see the connection. Grouping items closer together reduces clutter and saves on the amount of code size. Poorly spaced elements can cause confusion.

Similarity

When items look similar, we see them as grouped together. When looking at web forms, they should be arranged in such a way to tell the users which fields belong together.

Continuity

Our perceptual system is programmed to see whole objects, not bits and pieces and if anything seems to be missing, our brain will fill in the data that appears to be missing.

Closure

Closure is related to continuity. When we see a broken circle, our brain puts the missing data together and makes it complete.

Symmetry

When looking at complex objects, we focus on energy on reducing the complexity to easily interpret what we are seeing. Even if more than one interpretation is available, our visual system organizes it and gives it symmetry.

Figure /ground

We parse what we see in the foreground as being our primary focus and anything else in the scene is the background. When a small object overlaps a large object, we see the small object as the figure and the large object as the background. The viewer’s focus of attention can also determine what they perceive as figure and ground. The background can convey a message in the same way an object in the background can. Whatever is in the user’s direct vision line is the foreground. Example: a pop up on a web page. The content that was there has now become secondary.

Common fate

Common fate is related to proximity and similarity, however is used to define moving objects. Objects that move together appear to be grouped or related.

Summary

In the real world, all of the Gestalt principles work in tandem, not isolation. When all the Gestalt principles operate together, unintended relationships can form, causing confusion. When designing, look at the design by taking all of the principles into account to make sure the design works as intended.